KAALO

(KAALO AID AND DEVELOPMENT ORGANISATION)

PROJECT NAME 🙁 Puntland Livestock Value Chain Sub-Activity)

REPORT TYPE 🙁 Baseline Survey Report)

31/12/2012

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABBREVIATIONS LIST. 3

1.0 INTRODUCTION.. 4

2.0 BACKGROUND TO BASELINE SURVEY. 4

3.0 OBJECTIVES OF SURVEY. 5

4.2. METHODOLOGY. 5

4.2.1. Field Data Collection. 5

4.2.2. Participatory Methodologies: 6

5.0 MAIN SURVEY FINDINGS. 6

5.1.1. Village Committees’ Role in Animal Healthcare. 7

5.1.2. CAHWs Selection Process. 7

5.1.3. Suggested Locations For The Vet.Pharmecies: 10

5.1.4. Surveillance / Key Informants. 10

5.1.5. Assessment of Expected Results. 10

5.1.6. The Situation on the Ground. 13

5.1.7. Baseline Findings for Rangeland Situation. 14

5.1.8. Scale of Grassland Degradation and Proposed Rehab Options. 15

5.3. Selection criteria for the sites to be rehabilitated. 16

5.3.2. Site-Based Contour Bund Construction for Restoration and Conservation. 17

5.3.3 Assumptions: 17

5.3.4. Monitoring and Evaluation. 18

5.3.5. Impact Indicators Are As Described In The Following Indicator Procedures. 18

5.3.6. Risks and Constraints. 21

6.0. RECOMMENDATIONS. 21

ANNEX ONE. 21

ANNEX TWO.. 24

ABBREVIATIONS LIST

USAID—————————–United States of Agency International for Development

DAI——————————–Development Alternative Inc

MOLAH—————————Ministry Of Livestock and Animal Husbandry

PRA——————————–Participatory Rural Appraisal

CAHWS—————————Community Animal Health Workers

PA———————————-Pastoral Association

VDC——————————-Village Development Committee

NR———————————Natural Resource

NRM—————————–Natural Resource Management

DMP—————————–Desert Margins Program

KAD—————————–Kaalo Aid and Development Organization

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The USAID-funded Partnership for Economic Growth (Partnership) program is being implemented by Development Alternatives, Inc. (DAI) and CNFA. The purpose of the Partnership program is to help local authorities and private sector groups improve the enabling environment for investment, generate more productive employment and improve other livelihood activities. Using a flexible approach that relies on detailed analysis before launching each sub-activity, the Partnership program has two focus areas: overall private sector development and strengthening specific productive value chains, including livestock and agriculture.

KAALO – The project implementing partner-has commissioned a team of two persons with participation of additional two experts (one from MOLAH and another from Ministry of Environment) to undertake the baseline survey ascertaining the relevance of the proposed components/activities against the felt-needs of communities in the target region of Puntland. In addition, the survey intends to identify constraints and opportunities on the ground based on the analyses of the context of target communities’ existing problems against the objectives and strategies of the project.

2.0 BACKGROUND TO BASELINE SURVEY

The livestock value chain in Puntland is exceptionally significant for the livelihoods of the entire population. Despite its potentials, the predominantly pastoral livestock sector is affected by serious constraints including animal health problems, declining feed resources resulting from extensive degradation of the rangelands, low productivity worsened by recurrent severe droughts, poor marketability of products, and poor organization of actors along the livestock value chain. Many of these constraints derive from severe capacity limitations as well as poor policy and institutional frameworks that govern the livestock value chain. Following a Partnership assessment and formulation mission to Puntland in June 2012, animal health and natural resource management were identified as priority areas by the Ministry of Livestock for intervention under the Puntland component of the program. The project target area represents significant portions of Northern Mudug, Nugaal and Eastern Sanaag.

3.0 OBJECTIVES OF SURVEY

The study is to assess the situation on the ground at the project’s three target regions (Northern Mudug, Nugaal and EesternSanaag). This baseline survey is an integral part of the inception process of the project and has the following specific objectives:

To establish benchmark data on and provide insight to the project locations with special emphasis on the existing livestock health delivery systems and rangeland resource and institutional conditions.
To assess the relevance and achievability of areas of priority concern as stated in the proposal document against the prevailing physical, economic and societal conditions in target areas.
To design and develop project implementation plan based on the study’s findings and a project monitoring and evaluation plan to be used to assess impact made by project interventions.

4.2. METHODOLOGY

As stipulated by the project implementation design, it has been found essential for KAALO, the project’s implementing agency, to develop a thorough understanding of the local context and target community. In order to achieve this task, the following tools and methodology were used:

4.2.1. Field Data Collection

To accomplish this task, KAALO employed a consultant, project coordinator who were supported by two senior representatives from MOLAH and Ministry of Environment to conduct field data collection from 16^th-Dec to 31^st Dec 2012.

In the field trip, 6 key selected sites were visited from each of the project target regions.

The sites, Totalling 18, were decisively chosen with the local people among other important locations.

Structured questionnaires and checklists were used in interviews and semi-structured group discussions with local communities to collect quantitative and qualitative information/data on specific issues such as livestock health care, Community Animal Health Workers (CAHWs), natural resource management and related environmental issues including types of resources, accessibility, management and land degradation

A livelihood analysis approach was utilised in the collection of quantitative data aimed at identifying the existing economic variances within target pastoralist communities and changes to the wealth group spectrum following the recent drought and scale of destitutions. Wealth ranking, pair wise scoring were the main tool used here.

Key informants—including knowledgeable individuals in the area such as; veterinarians, officials from Puntland’s department of range, ecologists and business people—were interviewed in the collection of pertinent quantitative and qualitative data.

4.2.2. Participatory Methodologies:

Some Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) tools were used in information collection and analysis on other pastoral livelihood determinants such as market situation, migration pattern, and seasonality and security conditions, which were intended to maintain the survey process holistically. As much as possible, the presence of all members of the community was ensured, with important consideration given to the adequate representation of women groups in these proceedings.

5.0 MAIN SURVEY FINDINGS

Result 1: Selection and training of Community Based Animal Health Workers (CAHWs)

Livestock health is one of the biggest concerns facing pastoralists regarding their livelihood security. Depending on the specific location, the struggle to keep their livestock healthy costs pastoralists a bulk of their income. The economically precarious situation in which they are found makes matters severely worse. More than two decades absence of a functioning central government resulted in the collapse of government-sponsored veterinary services. Veterinary services have consequently fallen into the hands of the private sector. For the most part, pharmaceutical companies based in a few major towns, like Bosaso and hargeisa, import veterinary drugs that are distributed to the various regions by nonprofessional channels and/or individual drugs retailers and vendors. The services as well as the drugs are on many occasions unaffordable to pastoralists, especially during times of economic hardship. Moreover, this prompted pastoralists to purchase veterinary drugs themselves, giving way to the rise of petty trading of mainly expired and ineffective drugs in which pastoralists themselves were directly treating their animals. As a result, rampant drug misuse in the concerned area has resulted in considerable number of reported deaths of animals. During drought periods, pastoralists have to prioritize their most immediate needs such as water, animal transport and household food consumption. This prioritization curtails animal health to the bottom of the list, therefore, depending on the situation, contributes considerably to the loss of livestock assets.

Since the collapse of central government of Somalia, decentralization of the animal health sector has been of major interest and strategy for the development communities, aimed at filling the void left by government-sponsored services. This was seen as the most appropriate option for several reasons. Primarily, this is the best approach through which many pastoral communities living in the remotest parts of the country can be reached with service. This was also justified with the supporting conclusion that most pastoralists are willing to keep their animals healthy at relatively higher costs. Moreover, the availability of trained semi-professionals would reduce incidences of drug misuse among target communities and would promote the decline of UN-authorized vet-products.

However, several issues surfaced since the time the practice was introduced in this region. Both the lack of coordination of the training undertaken by the different stakeholders and the lack of linkages between the trained CAHWs and private veterinarians undermined the sustainability of the approach. The baseline survey reveals that many of the trainees are willing to provide veterinary services to pastoralists amidst the complex social and economic challenges. An average distance for a CAHW to deliver services is designed to be 20km in the target districts. While it is anticipated some of the herders will continue to depend on freelance untrained drug

distributors and drug shops, other communities have limited access to any sort of vet related services. As a result, veterinary drug-abuse continues to exist, putting the safety of livestock products to consumers at stake.

5.1.1. Village Committees’ Role in Animal Healthcare

Promoting Livestock health care including the monitoring and management of CAHWs in their operations.
The facilitation of the establishment of a collaborative system of distribution between CAHWs, major veterinary drug suppliers and veterinary associations in their respective regions.
Herder extension and the monitoring of accessibility and affordability of livestock health services in their respective regions.
Diversification of income sources, commodities and practices.

5.1.2. CAHWs Selection Process

Evidence from previous attempts undertaken by a number of various agencies/bodies for the last decades; as corroborated by findings in this survey, suggested that much emphasis should be placed on participatory approach in the implementation of this component. The selection and placement should closely involve the existing village based institution i.e. Village Development Committee (VDC), Pastoral Associations (PA’s) etc, who during later stages of the project will absorb the component into their respective livestock units. For the most part, the project should exploit the PAs’ close contact with and relatively more permanent presence in the target communities.

The village authorities are responsible for the facilitation of the selection process, which should draw upon a list of criteria mutually agreed upon between the community and Survey team for the eligibility of prospective trainees. However, the final decision of who to select

must remain with the community. As experience shows, major requirements on this list should include: trustworthiness, availability, livestock ownership, skills and gender. There is strong interrelation between this list of attributes and the rate of dropout among previously trained CAHWs; whereby such qualities were not considered. Another major item on the list, which is expected to discourage such high dropout rate, is the requirement of guarantor who will give assurance that the selected CAHWs will not misappropriated materials received under this program

Table 1:selected villages for CAWHS and number of trainees given to each village

S/N	REGION	DISTRICT	VILLAGE	NO OF TRAINEES
1	Mudug	Galdogob	Bursaalax	2
2	Mudug	Galkayo	Bayra	2
3	Mudug	Galkayo	Cagaaran	3
4	Mudug	Xarfo	Heema	2
5	Mudug	Xarfo	Ceel Gerdi	2
6	Mudug	Xarfo	Xarfo	2
7	Nugaal	Garowe	Awrculus	2
8	Nugaal	Garowe	Reebanti	2
9	Nugaal	Garowe	Mayle	3
10	Nugaal	Eyl	Laqlaajisle	2
11	Nugaal	Godobjiraan	Wargaduud	2
12	Nugaal	Garowe	Yoonbeys	3
13	Sanaag	Dhahar	Dhahar	2
14	Sanaag	Dhahar	Xingalool	2
15	Sanaag	Badhan	Ceel Buh	3
16	Sanaag	Badhan	Badhan	2
17	Sanaag	Badhan	Rad& Laako	2
18	Sanaag	Badhan	Mindigale	2

Table 2: list of selected CAHW members and villages they representatives

s/n	FULL NAME	GENDER		REGION		VILLAGE	TELEPHONE
	MUDUG REGION (CAHWS)
1	Cabdinuur Jamac Xirsi		Male		Mudug	Xarfo	729695
2	Shafici Sacdi Axmed		Male		Mudug	Xarfo	788814
3	Cabdi Maxamed Cigaal		Male		Mudug	Cagaaran	901138
4	Cawil Maxamed Aadan		Male		Mudug	Cagaaran	941806
5	Bashiir Maxamed Guuleed		Male		Mudug	Bursaalax	786176
6	Cabdirisaaq Maxamed Cabdi		Male		Mudug	Bursaalax	768060
7	Siciid C/Qafara Cabdiraxman		Male		Mudug	Bayra	744988
8	Maryan Maxamed Xusen		Female		Mudug	Bayra	653965
9	Cabdikariin cumar warsame		Male		Mudug	Ceelgardi	526252
10	Cabdiqadir xasan C/raxman		Male		Mudug	Ceelgardi	707548
11	Cabdikariin cali Aadan		Male		Mudug	Ceelgardi	344697
12	Maxamuud c/salaan cabdule		Male		Mudug	Heema	679299
13	Cabdi cabdulaahi Aadan		Male		Mudug	Heema	708770
	NUGAAL REGION (CAHWS)
14	Cabdikhayr Yusuf Axmed		Male		Nugaal	Mayle	717303
15	Daahiro Faarax Xaashi		Female		Nugaal	Mayle	749609
16	Safiyo Siciid dubasare		Female		Nugaal	Mayle	663168
17	Liibaan Cabdi Cali		Male		Nugaal	Yoonbeys	705051
18	Yuusuf Faarax Nuur		Male		Nugaal	Yoonbeys	690020
19	Maxamed cali surleex		Male		Nugaal	Yoonbeys	774331
20	Axmed Maxamed Cilmi		Male		Nugaal	Wargadud	643455
21	Abshir Maxamed Jamac		Male		Nugaal	Wargadud	688405
22	Cabdinasir Cabdiraxman Cali		Male		Nugaal	Awrculus	279546
23	Maxamed Cabdi Maxamed		Male		Nugaal	Awrculus	668545
24	Axmed maxamuud maxamed		Male		Nugaal	Reebanti	286973
25	Barre maxamed Siciid		Male		Nugaal	Reebanti	986040
26	Bashiir Nuur Faarax		Male		Nugaal	Laqlaajisle	672413
27	Xaawo diiriye		Female		Nugaal	xamxamaa	705051
SANAAG REGION (CAHWS)
28	Deeqo Cabdiraxman Cabdi		Female		Sanaag	Ceel buh	731542
29	Axmed Maxamed Maxamuud		Male		Sanaag	Ceel buh	719636
30	Axmed Maxamuud Maxamed		Male		Sanaag	Rad	705879
31	Cali maxamuud Faarax		Male		Sanaag	Rad	764887
32	Axmed Faarax Xasan		Male		Sanaag	Xingalool	658054
33	Maxamed Yasiin Axmed		Male		Sanaag	Xingalool	668264
34	Bile warsame saalax		Male		Sanaag	Baran	709512
35	Maxamed cumar axmed		Male		Sanaag	Baran	701706
36	Maxamed Maxamuud Cumar		Male		Sanaag	Dhahar	791041
37	Safiyo Maxamuud Faarax		Female		Sanaag	Dhahar	618035
38	Maxamed Cabdi maxamed		Male		Sanaag	Dhahar	024951889
39	Cabdiraxman Cali Faarax		Male		Sanaag	Mindigale	684449
40	Xirsi Siciid cali		Male		Sanaag	Mindigale	620137

5.1.3. Suggested Locations For The Vet.Pharmecies:

After consultation with the village community’s elders and considering the requirement for expanding veterinary services in the visited areas, the team has selected the below mentioned three villages:

Bayra of Mudug Region
Awrculus of Nugaal Region
Badhan of Sanaag region

5.1.4. Surveillance / Key Informants

When established, network of CAHWs in the target project area will act as key informants for various disease early warning and early reactions Endeavour. The Baseline substantiates that, if coordinated well, the CAHWs can be strong contributors to this process of improving information and knowledge on the prevailing conditions of water and pasture and their spatial and seasonal distribution in the target area. In addition, it is anticipated that after receiving training on appropriate data collection methods and reporting, the CAHWs can also have a positive impact on disease surveillance across the region. Survey findings also suggest that the experience and connection of existing private veterinary associations in the area should be drawn into this process. Experience and connection of existing private veterinary associations in the area should be drawn into this process.

5.1.5. Assessment of Expected Results

Expected result:	Improved livestock productivity through established community-based animal health services
Indicator 1:	40 CAHWs selected, trained and established in the vet service deficient target villages
Indicator 2:	successful CAHWs are supported with more Training and consoling inputs

Survey findings strengthen the notion that decentralization is key to the improvement of livestock health in the target area in the present context of weak governmental mechanisms. There is strong evidence that through privatization, a much wider spectrum of remote populations could be reached without necessarily opposing the strategies of the Puntland government of the sector. The trained CAHWs can play particularly useful and cost-effective role in regards to disease surveillance, information dissemination and vaccination campaigns.

However, in order to strengthen their veterinary service delivery function, it is very essential that linkages be developed between the CAHWs and existing veterinary associations and private practitioners in the area. The multi-layered effect of this linkage is that the work undertaken by CAHWs is legitimized, managed well and integrated into qualified veterinary systems existing in the area.

In order to ensure the sustainability of this component, a strong monitoring system should be set in place, which is well understood by all of those involved. The system should place important emphasis on record keeping by the CAHWs to monitor drug-turnover, efficiency of the drug replenishment system and overall impact.

The monitoring system should work on three levels; the CAHWs, the community and the project. The CAHWs should be encouraged to own this process, so that they are able to assess the cost-recovery of their operations and personal advantages. The community should monitor the work undertaken both through physical observation and through records kept by the CAHWs in order to measure benefits gained. KAALO and its partners should continually assess the impact of this component in terms of livestock productivity, off-take and level of reduced disease incidence. The level of contribution of this component to the resilience of target communities to the ever-changing environmental circumstances must also be assessed.

Result 2: natural regeneration improved and the capacity of pastoral communities for demand-driven natural resource management and governance is built

At an unprecedented rate, the rangeland resources of the target regions —as well as those of the rest of the country—have been undergoing severe degradation. This process will be a key trigger in the eventual collapse of livelihoods in this area unless appropriately addressed. While some of the causes include natural phenomena; in the context of key potential grassland particularly, the problem of diminished rangeland productivity is majorly caused by anthropogenic (man-made) activities.

The anthropogenic activities are related to the considerable loss of most of the rangelands’ tree cover to human needs such as; fencing and charcoal—both as a source of alternative income for rural populations and energy for the rapidly increasing urban communities. This is further worsened by the loss of vegetation cover through overgrazing.

The survey revealed that while neither local communities nor the authorities were fully engaged in natural resource management and protection, recently the momentum of certain Village Development Committees (VDC) and communities gained skills and the capacity to identify and address pressing present problems of mainly rangeland degradation. It is to be noted that these VDC achieved a number of obligations – reduced charcoal burning in Sool plateau, reactivation of key grazing reserves, among others activities where communities organize themselves to carry out Natural Resource Management initiatives. These informal community-based initiatives have so far evolved into the following obligations:

Formulation of new customary law: protect the remaining natural resource base from manmade damages through such schemes as total ban of charcoal burning, tree/grass cutting and rangeland fencing for private enclosures.
Physical reinforcement: community mobilization to restrain collectively rangeland abuse and creation new settlement around the prime grazing areas.
Information sharing: disseminate information and community awareness regarding these initiatives as well as general issues related to Natural Resources Management (NRM).

While it is still too early to convey the impact such community initiative have had so far, the solidarity shown by these communities was enough to inspire other adjacent communities to exercise similar practices. Moreover, findings in the baseline study indicate that the emergence of such community-initiated NRM activities are expected to spread to other parts of the country.

Overall, these events have very positive implications for the future achievability of the DAI project expected results as well as the sustainability of resources and facilities to be established by the project.

Natural Resources Management has to be conceived and defined within the context of pastoral development, which demands the development of strong rapport with the other units of Livestock and Social Services. Interventions in any of these areas of importance involve a great deal of activities that are unfamiliar and unknown to the local pastoral population. On the other end, their participation is crucial and detrimental to the success or failure of pastoral projects and programs. Their consent, approval and co-operation represent an element of strength in not only the project’s initiatives, but also the sustainability of project-established Pastoral Institutions. Therefore, continued awareness rising of target pastoral populations is strongly recommended to be developed as a strategy to compliment the already adopted and developed strategy of village based institution building.

The awareness rising of target populations is to be formulated, so as to make it deal with ways and means of seeking their influence, willingness and power of co-operation. At the level of Pastoral Association or VDC in later stages, this function is to be undertaken by the Social Service Unit. However, it needs to be designed at a higher administrative and authoritative level so as to keep it in line with the mission and vision of the respective Pastoral represented institutions; thus, strong collaboration from the other units would highly be recommended.

As to the intervention regarding the ecological systems, it is suggested that projects and programs be designed in association with other purposes or projects and not in isolation because ecological balance cannot be an end in itself without considerations for social and economic impact. A match is to be drawn between stockholders, livestock and the available resources. Management of resources cannot be without the stockholders and their livestock. Within that situation, a compound strategy is suggested here so as to account all vectors and treat all problems in a network and in a single occasion. Moreover, this is to approach the subject of pastoral development in sequential and coherent steps.

5.1.6. The Situation on the Ground

The primary use of the project target rang elands is for animal production. The productivity of the animal population is low and inefficient. A significant cause is the low and deteriorating productivity of the rang elands. It should become a high local community priority to preserve and improve this resource and, through this action, increase the efficiency and output of livestock production.

A great need is for the training of people at all levels to accomplish this objective. A high need is for competent local institutions, in consort with local elders and pastoralists to develop and employ practice to improve the management and use of rangeland vegetation and to effect animal management procedures to control grazing and increase per animal unit productivity. The grazing has deteriorated over time, and has remarkably worsened in recent years. As a result, the contribution of animal foods to the national supplies is not keeping pace with population needs.

Most of the grazing lands have reduced potentiality in vegetative production due primarily to adverse environments including low and seasonal rainfall; soil erosion; a lack of, or inadequate forage and grazing management; and overstocking rates in terms of what the available vegetative cover can provide for reasonable animal sustenance and production. Much of the rangeland is utilized by nomadic family groups who move their herds and flocks over extensive areas during the course of the year to find water and grazing for their livelihood.

Among the interrelated processes that have led to such a devastating situation is the pastoralists’ DE-stabilisation of their own seasonal or annual mobility of livestock in search of pasture. Although most rang eland is suitable for opportunistic grazing, most of the population living there have adopted longer-term and unsustainable grazing practices.

In the prevailing scarcity of water and pasture, this is also made worse by the large herd-size inclination of most of the population disregarding its environmental implications; such are the most influential factors affecting the loss of vegetation cover. Equally important, the loss of vegetation cover causes the reduction of the ability of soil to absorb and retain rainwater, thereby limiting the replenishment of the water table and decreasing pasture growth. Consequently, the livelihoods of target pastoral communities are under increasing threat from soil erosion, particularly since the initiations of community-based efforts to combat this problem have been non-existent until very recently.

As such, improving or stabilizing the situation will not be an easy task. The process must be an integrated one in which pastoralists are trained to own the application of the methods and are enabled to tackle the fundamental causes of their resource degradation. This component of the project covers a broad range of issues and works on the collective advantages of the different activities that are designed and should be implemented on three simultaneous aspects:

Addressing land degradation through rehabilitative measures such as soil and water conservation, and rainwater harvesting.
Building the capacity of local populations through participation
Natural Resources Management , Conservation and development by local community in collaboration with the key stakeholders

5.1.7. Baseline Findings for Rang eland Situation

In some of the visited areas, Deyr rains this year were relatively good and widespread covering larger portion of grassland. This has contributed to the regeneration of adequate pasture and replenishment of water sources that allowed various livestock species start gaining weight and health conditions. Some of the visited area like Sanaag and some parts of nugaal valley have less rain and the livestock of those areas immigrated to the other regions.

The baseline findings confirm that the livelihood of the poor families comes from a diverse range of activities, including pastoral and non-farm activities. The mainstream perception about community-based NRM can aptly be described as encouraging, while the role and responsibility of the selected local committees were appreciated by wider communities. The Baseline findings also verify that, at this point, the Cash-for-Work approach is the most appropriate strategy to improve household income among target populations—through temporary employment generation—while affecting important rehabilitative impact to the rangeland. It is also envisaged that such highly participative approach will facilitate the community’s sense of ownership of rangeland resources as well as the community’s future undertaking of similar natural resource management and rehabilitation initiatives.

This activity focuses on three key areas:

A. improving land and natural resource conditions through implemented measures (sand/stone contour bunds, and re-seeding of plains;
B. enhancing the understanding of target populations of the processes that lead to land and environmental degradation;
C. Building the capacity of target pastoral communities, particularly the pastoral association or village development committees to sustain the implementation of such activities in the future. These will be achieved through training, hands-on collaborative effort during planning and implementation stages of the activity and through the participatory monitoring and evaluation of its impact, which all should contribute to the establishment of a favorable setting for the project’s stated aim.

5.1.8. Scale of Grassland Degradation and Proposed Rehab Options

Under the various customary laws practiced in key pastoral areas, rangeland is the communal and collective property of the Somali pastoral communities. However, in recent decades, there has been a growing tendency in which clans confine their use of rangeland held as their traditional ownership. In the grasslands of Hawd/Sool;-ecological zones- the most visible natural resource problems are primarily human-induced. In contrast, most of the lowlands of Nugaal valley, the environmental degradations in action are caused mainly by natural processes including wind and water erosion, gully formation, sand-dune encroachment. These types of erosions are commonly seen at the highly important grazing alluvial depressions between the mountain ranges. Many gully affected sites have reached irreversible stages for which the cost of restoring is beyond the project’s scope

The low-level or complete lack of rainfall, is also greatly contributing to the problem of rangeland resource degradation. Despite pastoralists’ widespread recognition of the negative environmental trends and changes, there are comparatively infantile local initiatives and structures operating for the benefit of a viable and effective use of natural resources. In recent times, Somali pastoralists have gained the reputation of being opportunists and individualistic as shown by their disregard to environmental and rangeland situation. Baseline findings, however, indicate that for the first time in a long time there is a growing momentum of recognition among the communities in the target area that their livelihoods and economic wellbeing are predominantly dependent on the rational management of their natural resources and environment. These grass-root developments are expected to provide a lasting solution for the environmental catastrophe, reduce the irrational exploitation of the forest resources, address seasonal fluctuation natural fodder and facilitate the mending of community felt-needs and the approach and methodologies of this project.

5.2. Suggested Active Gully Stabilizations For Two Of The Three Regions.

As required by the project’s document, four gully-damaged flood Plains were identified for rehabilitation. Two of these are located in Nugaal Region while the other two are in Eastern Sanaag .names of the flood plains; their exact locations and the type of rehabilitations needed are shown in table three in page 15

5.3. Selection criteria for the sites to be rehabilitated

The designated sites for rehabilitation were chosen on the following criterion:

The reversibility of their damages
Their cost-effectiveness with due considerations given to the available funds for the project
The state of receptiveness of the local communities, in each site, and their firm commitment to protect the repaired sites for reasonable period so that they could regain their earlier productive potential of improved pasture regeneration capacity.

5.3.1. Assessment of Expected Results

Expected results: Livelihoods strengthened through broad-based management and conservation of key target grazing areas and poverty alleviated through activities that support beneficiaries to exploit available natural resource potentials.

Indicator 1: Cash-for-Work schemes used sensibly to rehabilitate key grazing areas and implement site-based erosion control structures

Indicator 2: Improved rangeland recovery through re-seeding sites, as pilot activities

Indicator 3: Local pastoral institutions become transformed into environmentally conscious entity that has the ability and skills to protect natural resource on which their livelihood is driven or dependent.

Table 3: Proposed sites for rehabilitation activities:

REGION	DISTRICT	VILLAGE	NAME OF SITE	REHABILITATION TYPE
Nugaal	Garowe	Salaxley	Salaxley	Rock dam
Nugaal	Garowe	Darasalaam	Darasalaam	Water diversion
Sanaag	Badhan	Rad	Rad valley	Rock dam
Sanaag	Dhahar	Dhahar	Geedcilmi	Water diversion

5.3.2. Site-Based Contour Bund Construction for Restoration and Conservation

The project will plan, organize and implement restoration and conservation of key grazing sites to be carried out at 4 severely eroded depressions located in the target regions. The principles behind the techniques demonstrated in this activity combine cost-effective physical constructions and agro-forestry measures to ensure maximum impact in reducing the velocity and flow of water. The key success factor of the intended approach is the use of materials and resources that are locally available to stabilize targets severely eroded by gullies. Moreover, the approach intends to validate the importance of community participation in this process in order to ensure both the sustainability of such initiatives as well as the wider adoption of its teachings by surrounding communities.

This activity will make use of RELMA’s proven dry land methodologies of soil & water conservation with a certain level of technical support from the Desert Margins Program (DMP). The implemented activities, however, will be guided by the needs of the target populations as well as the physical condition of target sites. Site-based sand contour bunds will be the major theme of barrier and, where available, stone bunds will be placed in half moon-shaped strips that are intended to conserve soil and water in strategic parts of the vastly degraded grassland. These methods are also intended to increase the infiltration of water so that regeneration capacity of target sites is improved.

5.3.3 Assumptions:

ü Favorable climatic conditions

The immediate impact of the 2012 Dyer rains helped the regeneration of adequate pasture in most grazing lands of the project area. These resources are expected to support survived animals until the next rainy season and beyond. Although recently subject to increasing cycles of droughts, the drastic decline of livestock population is contributing to the resilience of the rangeland. Considering the variable nature of the local climatic conditions, assumption is that no major ecological stress will happen during the project lifecycle.

ü Peace and political stability in Puntland prevails during project life cycle

Puntland has been making important strides in the past decade to affect a more stable and peaceful context for human and national development. As such, with the exception of on-and-off disputes that are usually settled through clan-oriented conflict-resolution mechanisms, security in general is fairly good.

ü Willingness of beneficiaries to adopt strategies and contribute towards project approaches

The various visited communities in the project area showed great interest in the approaches and strategies of the project as well as much anticipation in the commencement of project activities. They expect the project will address their priorities and that the outcomes will lead to an improved and sustainable livelihood prospects for them. This acknowledgment is encouraging that the project will enjoy a sustained sense of willingness and cooperation on the part of the local communities.

5.3.4. Monitoring and Evaluation

Monitoring the level of progress in the project should be a continuous process that seeks the involvement of all stakeholders. At periodic intervals, field visits involving KAALO and its partners should be organized while the project must have community-based mechanisms for each of the activities, which facilitate the collection of important data and information. Based on both process and impact indicators the benefit of the project outputs will be studied.

The process indicators will measure the outcomes of the following activities:

The facilitation of collaborative system of distribution between project-trained CAHWs and major suppliers of vet drugs and vet associations,
The progress and level of transformation reached by the local institutions in their respective activities.
The facilitation of extension services among target pastoral communities to increase awareness and secure participation and contribution towards improved fodder and NR generally.
The enhancement of livelihood opportunities through the improvement of understanding of current production systems, trends and dynamics of the pastoral economy.

5.3.5. Impact Indicators Are As Described In The Following Indicator Procedures.

Table 3: Result 1 Indicators

Improved livestock productivity through established community-based animal health services
Strategic Objective/result	(i) 40 CAHWs selected, trained and established in target villages

(ii) Old CAHWs refresher trainings providedA. Purpose Related Improved economic production prospects of beneficiaries through improved proximity of animal health service provisions as well as herder extension services that is expected to significantly improve the general awareness of health practices among pastoral populations living in remote and marginal areas.B. DescriptionPrecise definitionIn the absence of access to adequate veterinary services, this component will strengthen the livelihoods of beneficiaries through the development of an effective and sustainable community-based animal health services.Unit of measurePercentageDisaggregated byDistrictManagement utilityA process of meetings and consultation involving village leaders, district authorities and project staff followed by training, capacity building and project activity involvement/partnershipC. Plan for data collectionData collection methodCAHW registers/record books, Access database, PRA toolsTiming/frequency of data collectionCAHWs: daily-basis / Community: needs-basis / Project: monthly-basisResponsible individualProject and partner staff, consultants, CAHWs, partner Vet Associations, PAs, line ministries and communityData storageM&E database (Access), report folder, disseminated copies to concerned parties.D. Plan for data analysis, reporting and reviewData AnalysisComparison targets to actual performance. Qualitative information during the monthly meetings and training sessions, narrating organizational capacity development efforts undertaken and record notable outcomes.Reporting scheduleField visit report, Monthly reports, biannual, annualE. Data quality issuesKnown data quality limitations and significance if anyLack of CAHW initiatives to register relevant data, service and sale records.

Limited community follow-upAppropriate actionImportant emphasis of this in the selection criteria.

Table 4: Result 2 Indicators

Livelihoods strengthened through broad-based management and conservation of natural rangeland resources and poverty alleviated through activities that support beneficiaries to exploit available natural resource potentials
Strategic Objective/result	To rehabilitate/stabilise 4 grazing depressions; using contour stone bunds and site specific techniques. Through combination of heavy mechanised vehicles and-for-work schemes.
A. Purpose Related
Increase natural fodder availability through communal grassland rehabilitation schemes and conservation of natural rangeland resources that support beneficiaries to exploit available natural resource potentials
B. Description
Precise definition	Enhanced regeneration capacity of target areas and increased protection from permanent damage. Increased support for livestock productivity during dry seasons with increased availability of fodder.

Explored options to change modes of production through project inputs such as water and fodder.Unit of measureSite observation before and after restorationDisaggregated byDistrictManagement utilityEnvironmental awareness initiatives facilitated in target communities and multi-disciplinary training implemented on NRM for PAsC. Plan for data collectionData collection methodPRA tools, Access database, physical site observation/documentation (sequential digital photography)Timing/frequency of data collectionCommunity level: weekly basis / KAALO level: monthly basisResponsible individualProject staff, partners, developed VDC/PAs and hired consultantsData storageM&E database (Access), report folder, disseminated copies of reports to concerned parties.D. Plan for data analysis, reporting and reviewData AnalysisComparison targets to actual performance. Qualitative information during the monthly meetings and training sessions, narrating organizational capacity development efforts undertaken and record notable outcomes.Reporting scheduleField visit report, Monthly reports, annual, and finalE. Data quality issuesKnown data quality limitations and significance if any

5.3.6. Risks and Constraints

ü Possibility of trainee dropout

ü CAHWs sell drugs at higher prices than agreed

ü VDC and partner association not effectively monitoring CAHWs performances

ü Local community not fully understanding idea of revolving fund and purchase of drugs on credit

ü Poor record keeping by the CAHWs

6.0. RECOMMENDATIONS

The trained and established CAHWs should be organized into horizontal networks as regards to information collection and dissemination in order to improve the credibility of the information they provide, which can in the context of such remote areas, be subject to personal interpretation.

This networking would also encourage sharing of knowledge and ideas between the different CAHWs. Moreover, this networking would improve the facilitation of both linkages between the CAHWs and veterinary associations as well as the facilitation of entry points for the respective village based institutions.

CAHWs move with pastoral movement so they always at centre of livestock density to give quick responses

To set up the rule and regulations for range land management related to enhance the feed resource of livestock and also to eliminate the scarcity of the natural resource by means of environmental conservation methods

To prepare the rules that support the range land management in the rural areas where the livestock population is high and also trains the pastoral community to reduce the cutting of natural plants

ANNEX ONE

Names of Committees Met at Different Villages

NO	NAMES OF THE COMMITTEE	REGION	DISTRICT	VILLAGE
1	Nuur Cabdi Ali chairman	Mudug	Galdogob	Bursaalax
2	Saciid Abdi Nuur head of local government	Mudug	Galdogob	Bursaalax
3	Bashiir Mohamed Guleed Vet.	Mudug	Galdogob	Bursaalax
4	Cabdi jama kuule clan chief	Mudug	Galdogob	Bursaalax
5	Jama Xabdule Cabdiraxman clan chief	Mudug	Galdogob	Bursaalax
6	Mohamed Cabdi Elder	Mudug	Galdogob	Bursaalax
7	Xaali Cabdi Cadaysay	Mudug	Galdogob	Bursaalax
8	Mariam Khalief Cabdi	Mudug	Galdogob	Bursaalax
9	Moxamed Xuseen Bare	Mudug	Galdogob	Bursaalax
10	Axmed Mohamed khalaf	Mudug	Galkacyo	Beyra
11	Sheekh Cali Axmed	Mudug	Galkayo	Beyra
12	Cabdisamad farax Moxamud	Mudug	Galkayo	Beyra
13	Cabdirizaq Cali yare	Mudug	Galkayo	Beyra
14	Saciid Cabduqafar Cabdiraxman	Mudug	Galkacyo	Beyra
15	Saciid Cusman Nuur	Mudug	Galkacyo	Beyra
16	Cabdunajiib khalief jama	Mudug	Galkacyo	Bayra
17	Cabdulahi Suleeman Cali	Mudug	Galkacyo	Bayra
18	Duraan Axmed Xasan	Mudug	Galkacyo	Beyra
19	Ali Xiis Cabdi Chairman	Mudug	Galkayo	Cagaaran
20	Adan Xassan Moxamed	Mudug	Galkayo	Cagaaran
21	Hure Nuur Cisman	Mudug	Galkayo	Cagaaran
22	Adan Xassn Moxamed	Mudug	Galkayo	Cagaaran
23	Cadbuxakiim Cabdi	Mudug	Galkayo	Cagaaran
24	Gashaane Moxamoud Nur	Mudug	Galkayo	Cagaaran
25	Moliid Axmed	Mudug	Galkayo	Cagaaran
26	Saciid Ciire Cigaal	Mudug	Galkayo	Cagaaran
27	Bishaar Jamac Moxamoud	Mudug	Galkayo	Cagaaran
28	Bishaar Jamac Axmed	Mudug	Galkayo	Cagaaran
29	Bashiir Maxamoud samanter the manage	Mudug	bacaadweyn	Heema
30	Cali Moxamud Sheekh Ibrahim	Mudug	bacaadweyn	Heema
31	Cabdi kaafi axmed	Mudug	bacaadweyn	Heema
32	Faysal Adan Bare	Mudug	bacaadweyn	Heema
33	Sheekh Axmed sheek moxamoud	Mudug	Xarfo	Ceel Gerdi
34	Adan Xaashi Moxamed	Mudug	Xarfo	Ceel Gerdi
35	Cadbiraxman Jamac Cali	Mudug	Xarfo	Ceel Gerdi
36	Moxamed Xashi Omar	Mudug	Xarfo	Xarfo
37	Nuur Cali Warsame	Mudug	Xarfo	Xarfo
38	Sheekh Axmed Moxamed Cumar	Mudug	Xarfo	Xarfo
39	Shaafi Sacdi Axmed	Mudug	Xarfo	Xarfo
40	Xirsi Adan Cali	Nugaal	Garowe	Awrculus
41	Moxamoud Cabdi Moxamed	Nugaal	Garowe	Awrculus
42	Cabdinaasir abdiraxman Cali	Nugaal	Garowe	Awrculus
43	Ciiro Shire Bare	Nugaal	Garowe	Awrculus
44	Cadburashiid Bare Ciise	Nugaal	Garowe	Awrculus
45	Shiine Aden Cali	Nugaal	Garowe	Awrculus
46	Yurub Cilmi Mataan	Nugaal	Garowe	Awrculus
47	Moxamoud Moxamed Yusuf	Nugaal	Garowe	Reebanti
48	Moxamoud Yusuf Farax	Nugaal	Garowe	Reebanti
49	Cabdi Yasiin Farax	Nugaal	Garowe	Reebanti
50	Jamac ismail farax	Nugaal	Garowe	Reebanti
51	Cumar Cawil Jamac	Nugaal	Garowe	Reebanti
52	Ciir Caydiid Soodhaqsade	Nugaal	Garowe	Reebanti
53	Cisman Cali Cisman	Nugaal	Garowe	Reebanti
54	Cabdulqadir Saciid Cali	Nugaal	Garowe	Reebanti
55	Cadbikhayr Yusuf Axmed	Nugaal	Burtinle	Mayle
56	Xuseen Bashiir Xaashi	Nugaal	Burtinle	Mayle
57	Moxamed Xuseen Samantar	Nugaal	Burtinle	Mayle
58	Cabdinuur Axmed Warsame	Nugaal	Burtinle	Mayle
59	Cabdiraxman Axmed Farax	Nugaal	Burtinle	Mayle
60	Vet. Dr. Bashiir Nuur Faarax	Nugaal	Garowe	Laqlaajisle
61	Abdirizaaq Axmed Jaamac	Nugaal	Garowe	Laqlaajisle
62	Cabdulqaadir Yusuf Cilmi	Nugaal	Garowe	Laqlaajisle
63	Moxamed Aden Ciise	Nugaal	Garowe	Laqlaajisle
64	Faarax Aden Bulxan	Nugaal	Garowe	Laqlaajisle
65	Xaji Moxamed Warsame Ciise	Nugaal	Jiriiban	Wargaduud
66	Calli Cabdi Moxamed	Nugaal	Jiriiban	Wargaduud
67	Cabdulahi Jaamac Cabdi	Nugaal	Jiriiban	Wargaduud
68	Cali Ciise Cabdiraxman	Nugaal	Jiriiban	Wargaduud
69	Cali Jamac Faarax chairman	Nugaal	Jiriiban	Wargaduud
70	Cabdulahi Jamac Maxamed	Nugaal	Jiriiban	Wargaduud
71	Cisman Salaad Cali	Nugaal	Garowe	Yoonbeys
72	Yusuf Faarax Nuur	Nugaal	Garowe	Yoonbeys
73	Liiban Cabdi Cali	Nugaal	Garowe	Yoonbeys
74	Cabdulqadir Maxamed Faarax	Sanaag	Dhahar	Xingalool
75	Axmed Farax Xasan	Sanaag	Dhahar	Xingalool
76	Cabdisalaad Warsame	Sanaag	Dhahar	Xingalool
77	Bashiir Maxamed Axmed	Sanaag	Dhahar	Xingalool
78	Maxamed Axmed Cali Salaad	Sanaag	Badhan	Ceel buh
79	Siciid Maxamed Salaad	Sanaag	Badhan	Ceel buh
80	Jibriil dhaye Jibriil	Sanaag	Badhan	Ceel buh
81	Xaawo Axmed Shuqul	Sanaag	Badhan	Ceel buh
82	Cumar Ciise Warsame	Sanaag	Badhan	Ceel buh
83	Faarax Maxamuud Yuusuf	Sanaag	Badhan	Badhan
84	Maxamuud ismail Governor Badhan	Sanaag	Badhan	Badhan
85	Jaamac daahir qodax	Sanaag	Badhan	Badhan
86	Maxamed axmed geele	Sanaag	Dhahar	dhahar
87	Khaliif Siciid maxamed	Sanaag	Dhahar	dhahar
88	Cumar Aadan xasan	Sanaag	Dhahar	dhahar
89	Saleeban Siciid Cabdi	Sanaag	Dhahar	dhahar
90	Axmed Cabdi xasan	Sanaag	Dhahar	dhahar
91	Xaawo daahir qodax	Sanaag	Dhahar	dhahar
92	Ruqiyo Siciid maxamed	Sanaag	Dhahar	dhahar
93	Waris Cabdi geesood	Sanaag	Dhahar	dhahar
94	Cabdi jaamac Xirsi	Sanaag	Dhahar	dhahar
95	Cabdiqadir cabdulaahi maxamed	Sanaag	Dhahar	dhahar
96	Xasan xaaji Xirsi	Sanaag	Badhan	Rad
97	Khaliif Aadan Faarax	Sanaag	Badhan	Rad
98	Maxamed ciise axmed	Sanaag	Badhan	Rad
99	Cali Siciid Xirsi	Sanaag	Badhan	Rad
10	Siciid axmed maxamed	Sanaag	Badhan	Rad
101	Xaamid Liibaan carab	Sanaag	Badhan	Rad
102	Cali xasan cali	Sanaag	Badhan	Rad
103	Cali saalax ciise	Sanaag	Badhan	Rad
104	Siciid ciise cali	Sanaag	Badhan	Rad
105	Muuse ciise maxamed	Sanaag	Badhan	Rad
106	Cawad cali Jamac	Sanaag	Badhan	Mindigale
107	Cali axmed maxamed	Sanaag	Badhan	Mindigale
108	Maxamed cabdulaahi cali	Sanaag	Badhan	Mindigale
109	Siciid ducaale ismaciil	Sanaag	Badhan	Mindigale
110	Aamino cali jaamac	Sanaag	Badhan	Mindigale
111	Asilii maxamed Faarax	Sanaag	Badhan	Mindigale

ANNEX TWO

PUNTLAND LIVESTOCK VALUE CHAIN SUPPORT SUB-ACTVITY BASLINE STUDY -CONSULTANT (TOR)

1.0 Background to Baseline Survey

The livestock value chain in Puntland is exceptionally significant for the livelihoods of the entire population. Despite its potential, the predominantly pastoral livestock sector is affected by serious constraints including animal health, declining feed resources resulting from extensive degradation of the rangelands, low productivity worsened by recurrent severe droughts, poor marketability of products, and poor organization of actors along the livestock value chain. Many of these constraints derive from severe capacity limitations as well as poor policy and institutional frameworks that govern the livestock value chain. Following a Partnership assessment and formulation mission to Puntland in June 2012, animal health and natural resource management were identified as priority areas by the Ministry for intervention under the Puntland component of the program.

The project target area represents significant portion of Bari, eastern Sanag, Nugaal and northern Mudug

2.0 Introduction

As part of the project’s inception process, KAALO – project implementing partner is going to hire lead consultant and supported with two assistants to undertake a baseline survey ascertaining the relevance of the proposed components/activities against the felt-needs of communities in the target region of Puntland. In addition, the survey intends to identify constraints and opportunities on the ground based on analyses of the context of target communities’ existing problems against the objectives and strategies of the project.

Based on the survey’s key findings, a project implementation plan will be developed in conjunction with a monitoring and evaluation plan with inputs from target communities.

1.0 Survey Methodology

This baseline survey takes place prior to beginning of program implementation, hence will serve as basis or benchmark for development of detailed monitoring and evaluation work plan that assess changes made by the project inputs. The study shall be done through field visits to discuss with communities and individual livestock owners and, besides establishing benchmark, data collected from the field is to be checked against and integrated with the project’s existing literature. The survey will, therefore, consider the following tasks:

The team shall review project document and other secondary information available from local institutions and international actors;
Information collection in the field using one-to one interview, focus group discussion and mixture of conventional and participatory research methods.
Production of a checklist sheet outlining the specific data to be collected
Choose at least 4-5 villages from each district within the above noted regions using stratified random sampling or other objective techniques
Assembling data and presenting it in a meeting with PC and other project staff officer
Analysis and report writing

4.0 Project Components

a) Selection and training of Community Based Animal Health Workers – Result 1

Activities:

ü Selection of CAHWs from the program coverage areas – S. Sanag, Bari, Nugaal and N. Mudug

ü Catalog 40 new CAHWs from the visited districts’ affiliated villages using selection criteria for the trainees in close collaboration with the village elders and committees

ü Make inventory of 40 previous trained CAHWs from the visited districts/villages aimed for giving refresher training

ü Lesson learned from the previous CAHWs training, program rational and sustainability

The community elders are responsible for the facilitation of initial selection process, taking into consideration the standard selection criterion that will determine eligibility for each participant for the training. As earlier experience shows, major principles in this criterion should include literacy on Somali language and numeracy skills, trustworthiness, willingness, livestock ownership, skills base on animal health and gender consideration. And finally to assure this investment will not be misplaced, every selected participant should bring grantor who will make assurance that CAHW in question will provide vet service for his community in the future.

b) Animal Feed Support Through Improved Rangeland Management

Activities:

ü Select 4 key community grazing locations that undergo severe degradation process that after rehabilitation could regain its earlier productive potential of improved pasture regeneration capacity

ü In every selected grazing depression, identify active and functioning local community based institutional and structures like Community Development Committees (CDCs) or Pastoral Associations (PA). These will be useful for mobilizing communities in order to engage them in the activities aimed at improving communal grazing areas;

ü For each selected village detect CDCs, PA and other community structures on natural resources management practices, principally on soil and water conservation techniques aimed at improving the availability of animal feed resources in communal pasturelands.

ü Pinpoint Demonstration plots with the local community in addition to definition of number of field days for each site.

ü Through local community participation, develop a model for conservation, and development of communal rangelands.

ü explore capacity-building needs for the selected communities

ü establish monitoring and evaluation plan to measure success

4.1 Criterion for the section of grazing pastureland to be rehabilitated;

ü reversibility of the visible damage of the grazing depression has undergone over years

ü the outlook after rehabilitation, the depression will increase its natural fodder regeneration and will afterwards host fourfold of its earlier carrying capacity

ü the state of receptiveness and possible collaboration showed by beneficiaries

ü the likelihood in which local community will protect grazing pastureland after the rehabilitation is completed

ü pastoral community aware enough about project inputs and its long term benefit of improved pasture/fodder availability

4.2 type and level of environment degradation, land and land based resources ( grazing and grazing land condition) and trends

4.3 The baseline survey has to provide detailed work plan of implementation for the project various components:

4.4 Impact assessment of the envisaged intervention for the project goals in qualitative data, i.e. number households that will be targeted in every district, improved rangeland, number of households will benefit erosion control cash for work programmes and overall food security improvements.

5.0 Risks and assumptions

6.0 One of the crucial objectives of the baseline survey is to give detailed activities for monitoring and evaluation of the project indicators

– Provide unite of measurement for every indicator

– Management utility

– Data storage and analysis

– reporting schedule